Shanghai Delegation - 23 August 2005

By Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan,

In session 2004, the Graduate & Student (G&S) Division of ICE HKA launched a networking project, which comprises a series of events. The project aims at exploring civil engineering development in Asia Pacific region, appreciating the future move of the young engineer group in Asia Pacific region in the civil engineering society and establishing a sustainable relationship with young engineer groups in the region. The project lasts for two years. The first and second events of the project are the delegation to Malaysia and delegation to Singapore. Delegation to Shanghai will be the last event of the project. Delegates from other countries were invited for a five days visit to Hong Kong before departing for Shanghai on 23 August 2005. Both Ir. Teh Tyzz Wooi and Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan responded to their invitation representing IEM G&S and a total of 15 delegates from different countries have participated this Shanghai delegtion.


'Night walk at the famous Bund'

Through careful plan and arrangement by ICE HKA G&S, many interesting technical visits have been carried out. As such, Bridge and Tunnel Museum, Shanghai South Railway Station, Jin Mao Building and Shanghai Construction Group. There were also discussion been held with Engineer Jiang Huan Cheng, a member of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Principal Director for Jiang’s Architects & Engineers which established from the team of Shanghai East Oriental Tower (468m). Mr. Jiang was then the design director of Shanghai Oriental Tower and is currently involved in the construction of Jakarta Tower which is to be the world highest tower with the height of 558m upon completion in year 2009.




'The team spirit of ICE Hong Kong committees studying Shanghai map before
the start of journey early in the morning'




'Site visit to Shanghai South Railway Station'




'Meeting with Mr. Jiang the architect for Jakarta Tower'


On 26th August 2005, another discussion was carried out at Shanghai Jiaotong University. Professor Liu Xila from Department of Civil Engineering Shanghai Jiaotong University and the Vice-Chairman of China Committee for the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO-CHINA), Mr. Phil Hardy-Bishop (Chairman of ICE UK), Mr. Douglas (Vice Chairman ICE HKA G&S), Ir. Teh Tyzz Wooi (IEM G&S Representative) and Mr. Ngeow Yen Wan (IEM G&S External Affairs Director) presented an introduction of respective institution and the current construction development of their own country. Topics discussed include engineering challenges in constructing high rise building and transportation problems face by each delegate at their respective country.




'Delegates paying their full attention during the proceeding at Shanghai Jiaotong University'




'Group photo with Professor Liu Xila (3rd from right) at Shanghai Jiaotong University'


All the delegates were flown back to Hong Kong the following day embodied with knowledge, experience and sweet memories that they have gained throughout the delegation.

IEM Terengganu Branch Membership Drive (8th January 2006)

Attended by: Sdr. Suresh Yegembaran and Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan

Early in the morning on 8th January 2006, the Chairman Sdr. Suresh Yegembaran and Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan the External Affairs Director, drove all the way to Terengganu Advanced Training Centre (TATI) to present their speech on introduction of IEM G&S. Approximately 100 participants attended the membership drive. Many thanks to Ir. Ahmad Nazari and Ir. Dr. Ramlee Karim for this successful event. A pro-tem G&S committee under Terengganu Branch will be formed soon, lead by Ir. Ahmad Nazari.




Waiting patiently before the start of the event.




“What IEM G&S can do for you?”, said Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan, during the introduction session.




“Any other question?”, asked Sdr. Suresh Yegembaran at the end of event.




“Yes, I would like to volunteer myself for this new pro-tem committee”, said of the participants and filled up his details on the recruitment list.

IEM G&S Perak Branch Membership Drive (3rd December 2005)

Attended by: Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan

With the help from Perak committees and our prominent speaker Ir. Dr. Ramlee Karim who was the director of Kemtech Sdn Bhd, gave a speech and advice on route to PE to Perak engineers. G&S from Perak Branch will be setting up Student Chapter at UTP. Hopefully the Student Chapter will be formed soon to serve and reach out more student members.

IEM G&S Southern Branch Road Show: (17th September 2005)

Attended by: Sdr. Alex Tan Yew Aik, Sdr. Cheng Wei Loon, Sdr. Ivan Tan Chee Yen, Sdr. M. Karthigesu, Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan and Sdr. Yau Chau Fong.

Many thanks to Student Chapter from UTM for co-organising this event at Johor Tourist Information Centre (JOTIC). A total of 100 students and 10 graduate engineers participated. It was another fruitful event. Participants were briefly introduced on G&S HQ and route to PE. Besides, all the membership forms that were brought along from KL were taken by the participants for their membership application. Special invited speaker Sdr. Ivan Tan, gave the participants some tips on effective public speaking.



"What is the benefits of joining IEM G&S...", during the opening speech by Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan




Group photo with some of the participants at the end of the event

IEM G&S Melaka – Setting Up Pro-tem Committee (1st October 2005)

Attended by: Sdr. Alex Tan Yew Aik, Dr. Tan, Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan, Sdr. Wong Chee Fui, Sdr. Suresh Yegembaran and Sdr. Yau Chau Fong.

This term (2005/ 2006), IEM G&S External Affairs portfolio is given a new task, to reach out all the engineers and setting up an active G&S section at each branches respectively. The first meeting was held at Melaka. Even though a few volunteers turned up but the meeting was carried out successfully with the determination of having more membership drives at Melaka to attract more engineers to join IEM as active members.


"This is what we should do......" and so on.....

Speechcraft Program 2005 - 12th & 13th Nov 2005

12th / 13th November 2005, IEM Building, Level 2
“Speechcraft Program 2005”

Prepared by Wilson Lai Kwang Voon

On 12th and 13th November 2005, The Speechcraft Program 2005 for Engineers was successfully carried out by IEM G&S division. A total of 40 participants attended the program, which was well-presented by the following speakers from Toastmaster Clubs:-
1. Stephen Fernado
2. Jeffery Kuah
3. Lim Kah Hong
4. Lim Boon Loong
5. Suresh

The seminar aimed to overcome fears as well as to enhance Engineer’s public speaking ability.

Topic Covered
Table Topics Session (Practical)
Educational Presentation – Principle and Purpose of Evaluation
Demonstration Speech
Evaluation of Demo Speech
Educational Presentation – Selecting a Speech & Audience Analysis
“Ice Breaker” Speech – Discuss & Prepare
Evaluation of Ice Breaker
Educational Presentation – Organize your Speech
“Get to the Point” – Discuss & Prepare
Speeches & Evaluation (Practical)
Timer’s Report & Close

How the Speechcraft program 2005 Works

Ø The program exposes each participants a wide range of communication experience.
Ø Participants received a speechcraft manual and listened wonderful presentation from advanced toastmaster speakers regarding skill improvement in areas such as speech evaluation and the use of gestures
Ø A variety of speech examples from International speakers help the participants develop competency in area such as voice variety and persuasiveness.
Ø During the meeting’s topic session, participants has learned to deliver a speeches, lasting two to five minutes
Ø After giving a prepared speech, each participant received a constructive speech evaluation. This process recognizes speakers for their strength and provides valuable insight into problem area.

10 tips for Successful Public Speaking

1. Know the room
2. Know the audience
3. Know your material
4. Relax
5. Visualize yourself giving your speech
6. Realize that people want you to succeed
7. Don’t apologize
8. Concentrate on the message – not the medium
9. Turn nervousness into positive energy
10. Gain experience

IEM Toastmaster Club will be set up soon in Feb 2006. For more information, please contact Suresh at iemgs@yahoo.com

YEAFEO 2005

- Oversea Trip Opportunity with IEM G&S:

Since my first participation in IEM event more than 2 years ago, I have been actively involved with IEM event especially organized by the G&S (Graduate & Student Section). Since then, besides participate in IEM HQ activities & events in Petaling Jaya, I also given chance to involve myself with other IEM branches events such as at Malacca, Johor, and even went to Singapore for IEM-IES Meet 2005.

On end of 2005, I was chosen by IEM G&S as one of the two student representatives to follow IEM Delegates participated in 12th Young Engineers of the ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organization Conference (YEAFEO), at Vientiane, Laos. After heard about all the great experience from those IEM G&S Committees who attended 11th YEAFEO, 2004, which held in Myanmar, I was counting the time, hoping for next day to be the departure date to Laos. But on other hand, there’re still some matters worrying me as it’s a function which gather graduate and senior Engineers, so there might be a huge possibility that there won’t be any Engineering students attending the event, and it could caused some gap between other YEAFEO participants and myself. Luckily, there’s still another student representative (Sdri. Heah Hooi Kiang, MMU Cyberjaya) in IEM Delegates. So, both of us just prepare ourselves and wait for the time to come.

- The Mighty IEM G&S Delegates to YEAFEO 2005:

All the “Chosen Ones” from IEM HQ prepared themselves by surfing Internet to get more information about Thailand & Laos. Besides went through a very “precise” Thailand & Laos map to study all the places of attraction, we all also prepare the sufficient US, Thai & Lao currency. Of cause, we also learnt some basic local language and words as the “survival tools” when we arrived at Thailand & Laos.

Before started our “mission” at Laos, we had met up in Thailand with IEM G&S Penang Branch committees and Ansie, a young & passion female Engineer from Hong Kong, but represent the Canada Institution of Engineers. We spent one night at Udon Thani, border of Thailand & Laos. In this one day, I have the chance to better know the Penang Young Engineers & Ansie, and it’s always feel great when know some new friends especially Engineers. Since all the trip schedule had been well-planned by my Big Brothers in IEM G&S, so most of the time I no need to worry about the accommodation, transportation, food, or even some basic spending along the trip.

- MISSION at Laos:

Since this is the first time student are chosen to represent in YEAFEO’s IEM Delegates, both Hooi Kiang & myself are given high hope to achieve something & benefit ourselves during the whole YEAFEO activities. Each of the IEM G&S Delegates has their own tasks for YEAFEO 2005, so do Hooi Kiang and me. Besides helping up for YEAFEO Closing Ceremony’s performance, as the “Chosen Ones”, both of us were given mission as Manager for ASEAN University Students Liaison. Our main tasks will be promote Malaysia’s Engineering student’s activities and encourage university students participation in YEAFEO. We also hope to establish contacts with other universities’ student societies in ASEAN countries.

- Nice Food… Nice Culture… & Nice Friends!!!

Along the trip, we showed our “G&S Explorer Spirit”, and managed to find many recommended & “hidden” stalls & restaurants for some nice local food, such as the famous sticky rice and Laos style “Ayam Bakar”. Other than that, there’s also chance for me to see different culture and lifestyle compare to Malaysia, especially for Laos, a country that I didn’t hear much of before I went there. At Laos, I can feel very peaceful, as the lifestyle is not as rush as Malaysia. Locals at Laos just seem to enjoy the way of their life and the environment, and its not as competitive as Malaysian. The weather in Laos is something that I prefer the most, because normally in Malaysia, we can’t feel cold and fresh in bright sunny day. So, I think Laos might be the best place for people like me to stay, as I prefer sunny day but without high temperature.

Shopping is a must for anyone who travels. Products that available in Laos are mostly imported from Thailand, so it’s quite hard for me to look for any typical Laos’s local product. The price also not as cheap as I expected, because most of the vendors & hawkers prefer tourists pay in US Dollars. Anyhow, I bought some Laos traditional cloth, bag and also some souvenirs for my family and friends in Malaysia.

The biggest achievement, or I should say reward, for this trip to Laos’s YEAFEO, must be the people who I know during YEAFEO. I have the chance to know many Senior & Young Engineers all across ASEAN countries, and also from Japan & Canada. Besides Engineers, I also glad to meet some students from Laos as they also participate in YEAFEO 2005. The hospitality of Laos Young Engineers & students as host can only be described by one word – “I-CHI-BAN”. Besides taking good care of all YEAFEO Delegates daily activities to some very interesting tourist attractions, Laos Young Engineers & students who lead by Dr. Kampaseuth, also make sure that all of us had great time together and enjoy ourselves during outing after the formal YEAFEO function.

Although we only spent less than 4 days in Laos, but few students and myself already became very close friend. The friendship between my Laos GOOD FRIENDS such as Ya, Ai & Noi, and me is much appreciated by us and we hope this friendship can last forever.

- MISSION Accomplished …

Besides enjoying myself along YEAFEO trip, I believe that IEM G&S Delegates once again proved that “IEM BOLEH!!!” as most of us successfully achieved our given task & mission. We send out a very clear message to all CAFEO & YEAFEO delegates on how determine IEM want CAFEO & YEAFEO continue to be a great annual event in ASEAN. As Malaysia’s Young delegates, we out shown to other CAFEO & YEAFEO delegates our passion while promoted & welcomed them for CAFEO & YEAFEO 2006 in Malaysia.

For Hooi Kiang & me as student representatives, we managed to get some student & university contacts of ASEAN countries while promoting engineering student participation in such an event. We strongly hope that in future time, besides CAFEO & YEAFEO, there will be another conference especially for ASEAN countries’ Engineering Student Society. And for my personal mission, all the new friends that I know during YEAFEO bring some satisfaction for myself, as I able to expand my friends network to other countries and met some good friends along the way.

- Appreciation:

This experience for participated in YEAFEO will be long remember by me, as it will be an unforgotten memory in future. I really feel grateful to know many new friends during my time in Laos, especially few of my Lao’s good friends. I also appreciate that having Hooi Kiang as the other only student representative to join me for this trip. A special thank must be address to IEM and IEM G&S, such as Suresh, Chau Fong and Cheng, for giving me this opportunity, and I really hope there’ll be more opportunity for students to participate in such a good event in future time.

SEE YOU ALL IN 13TH YEAFEO, YEAR 2006 IN MALAYSIA!!!

PREPARED BY ALEX,HOOI KIANG

Engineering The Engineer: December 2005

Engineering The Engineer: December 2005

YEAFEO

The 12th Young Engineers of the ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organization Conference (YEAFEO)

Date: 6th – 12th December 2005
Place: Vientiane, Laos
Malaysian YEAFEO Delegates:
(IEM G&S HQ)
Sdr. Suresh Yegambaram, Sdr. Yau Chau Fong, Sdr. Cheng Wei Loon, Sdr. Ngeow Yen Wan, Sdr. M. Karthigesu, Sdr. Wong Chee Fui, Sdr. Lim Terk Yiang, Sdr. Wilson Lai, Sdri. Bebe Kueh, Sdr. Alex Tan, Sdri. Heah Hooi Kiang
(IEM G&S Penang Branch)
Sdri. Catherine Sim, Sdr. Andy Lian, Sdr. Sim Tzer Yung, Sdr. Lau Tze Liang, Sdri. Tan Hui Sze

Sa Bai dee (Hello in Laotian Language)!

Yes, it is the 12th YEAFEO in the 'land of a million elephants', Laos.

In this particular edition, the Graduate & Student Section (IEM G&S) has created a few firsts in the delegation ; for the very first time, we have included our G&S branch delegates together and we have gathered the biggest ever contingent to YEAFEO, comprising of 16 delegates from Kuala Lumpur and Penang Branch.

It is indeed another magnificent 7 days of exciting and unforgettable trip for every delegate.

Deep into all the delegates' hearts, it is an experience that would carve deep memories into them.

6th December 2005 - The Departure...

Our delegation departed from our respective international airports to Bangkok for a transit to Udon Thani, a province city 80km away from Vientiane, Laos.

We put up a quick night in Udon Thani, did some night market shopping, tasting of the local food, experiencing the night life in this small little town.

7th December 2005 - Journey To Vientiane

6am in the morning would normally be sleeping time for all of us but with the passion and enthusiasm to enjoy the trip to the fullest, we decided to trade our sleep with sightseeing.
We departed for Vientiane after breakfast. We stopped by the border town of Nong Khai, separated by the Mekong River with the Laos border.

Our first visit in Nong Khai was to a famous temple called Wat Po Chai. The temple is famed for a large bronze-Buddha with a solid gold head decorated with precious stones (rubies). The temple building houses a number of wooden carvings and murals. The murals depict the history of the image – originally from Laos.

Next destination was to Wat Sala Kaew Goo.
It is often known is one of the most bizarre attractions in Thailand, comprising sculptures some of which are up to five stories tall, it is a very strange mix of Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism.

Then we proceed for shopping and lunch at The Taa Sadej market.

The Taa Sadej market in the centre of town is very famous, and many Thais and foreigners come here especially to see its wonderful array of things from Laos, China, Vietnam and Thailand.

After lunch, we departed to Vientiane via the Friendship Bridge, crossing the Mekong River.
We checked in to our hotel, The Done Chan Palace which is also the venue for this year’s event.

We then had a welcoming dinner at the hotel’s ballroom. This is platform where new bonding of friendship are made as we met up most of the rest of the Young Engineers’ delegates; exchanging business cards, taking group photos and getting to know each other more.

8th December 2005 - YEAFEO Country Report & Board Meeting

The day kicked off with the opening ceremony of the 23rd Conference of the ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organizations (CAFEO 23).
The ceremony was officially declared open by Lao PDR's Deputy Prime Minister.
SURESH TO CONTINUE...
After the opening ceremony, it is time for the young engineer's YEAFEO Conference.
The conference started with the presentation of country report from each country.
The day ended with a formal dinner being served to all the delegates. 9th December - The YEAFEO trip & Closing Ceremony

After the first day of toiling and formal activities at the board meeting, the second day of the YEAFEO programme was more relaxing with trips and visits.

The first stop was to their premiere National University of Laos's faculty of engineering.
We firstly greeted by their dean of faculty and proceeded with the visits to the laboratories, lecture halls and general offices. Then we proceeded to visit The That Luang.
That Luang as the National Symbol is featured on the National Emblem of Laos. It was constructed in 1566 by King Say Setthathirath in a typical Lao style and is one of the best known That or stupas in Laos.

After lunch, the journey continues to two famous temples, namely; Vat Phra Keo and Vat Sisaket, which is the only temple in Vientiane that has survived the destruction of the city by the Siamese in 1828. It is the oldest monastery standing intact in its original form, and certainly one of the most interesting in the whole country. Inside the main hall, and along the walls of the courtyard surrounding it, are hundreds of little niches and shelves containing a total of 6840 Buddha images.
And the final destination was to the bowling alley at the Laos International Convention Centre. The Young Engineers had a very fun time there not because of the bowling but for the fun and fellowship.

At night, the closing ceremony dinner was held. As usual, every country would have to produce their country performance.
What was expected from the Malaysians? Well, we have been boring these years, chanting the old little Rasa Sayang tune every year.

Certainly not this year!

We made a really impactful performance this time around.

With bigger delegation and better preparation, we started with a simple multimedia presentation on CAFEO and welcoming of the next CAFEO in Malaysia.

This was followed by the performance depicting the three main races in Malaysia, namely the Chinese, Malay and Indian.

We did line dancing ala Malay and Indian tradional dance.

That was remarkable indeed.

10th December - Leaving Vientiane

The morning was spent mostly on another round of shopping at the morning market area. Some of us also took the chance to visit the The Victory Monument is situated at the north end of Lane Xang Avenue and resembles Paris' Arc de Triomphe - as it is sometimes known. During the day, the monument can be climbed and makes an excellent vantage point of the city.

In the afternoon, we departed back to Udon Thani.

On our journey back to Udon Thani, we decided to drop by at Ban Chiang Archaeological Site, a site declared as a world heritage site by UNESCO.

Ban Chiang is considered the most important prehistoric settlement so far discovered in South-East Asia. It marks an important stage in human cultural, social and technological evolution. The site presents the earliest evidence of farming in the region and of the manufacture and use of metals.

At night, as usual, we did another round shopping of souvenirs to be brought back to Malaysia.

11th December - Leaving Udon Thani

We diverted out of Udon Thani to a small province called Nong Bua Lamphu , 46 kilometers from Udon Thani.

Here we visited the Wat Tham Klong Phen, located at the foot of the Phu Phan mountain chain 13 kilometers from Nong Bua Lam Phu, is peaceful and ideal place for those who seek mental tranquility. The temple used to be the meditation place for Phra Achan Luang Pu Khao Analayo who is revered by Thais nationwide. In the temple grounds there are a cave housing an ancient two faced drum, a stone engraved Buddha image and the Luang Pu Khao Museum where collection of his utensils and a statue of Luang Pu Kao are displayed for Buddhists to see and worship.

In the late afternoon, we left Udon Thani for Bangkok.

In Bangkok, we were very fortunate as we were hosted by the EIT (Engineering Institution of Thailand) Young Engineers which we have met earlier during the YEAFEO meet in Laos. This shows how fast friends are made in YEAFEO.

We were treated to our sumptuous dinner and with that kind of hospitality shown, we would certainly be making a quick return to the country.

12th December - Selamat Pulang

After six full days of visits, conferences and fellowship, it's time to say good bye to the wonderful countries of Laos and Thailand.

We arrive safely back to KL and Penang respectively.

All look tired walking out from the airport terminal. Though tired, all of us have ultimately enjoyed this trip.

Till we meet them again next year in Malaysia, YEAFEO 2006.

Jumpa Lagi.

Short Courses in Electrical Power - 1st to 3rd Dec 2005

Three Days - Short Courses In Electrical Power.

Reported By: Noor Iziddin Abdullah Ghazali.

On 1st December 2005 until 3rd December 2005, the Graduate & Student Section (G&S) organized a Three One Day – Short Course Course at IEM Conference Hall in Design of Low Voltage Electrical System(1st Dec), Planning & Operation of High Tension Distribution Network(2nd Dec) and lastly Simulation Assessment of LV Electrical Installation(3rd Dec). The course were conducted by Associate Prof. Teo Cheng Yu from NTU Singapore.

Associate Prof. Teo Cheng Yu presents the course in-terms of principles and design for low-voltage systems at both the device and system levels. It provides the characteristics,specifications, and industrial standards for circuit breakers, cabling, earthing and fuses. Utility supply systems, utility earthing systems and consumer earthing systems are introduced. Standard design procedures, the latest code of practice, IEE wiring regulations, over current and earth fault protection are illustrated through a series of comprehensive and interesting examples which are particularly useful for the practicing engineers and students. Applications of computer-aided design and simulation are also presented. Common technical terms, design formula, touch-voltage, per-unit calculation and model examination questions with solutions are provided.

For the 1st December, Associate Prof. Teo Cheng Yu give course on Design of Low Voltage Electrical System. This short course is introduce participants to the principles and design considerations in carrying out the design of LV distribution network. Through lecture and the demonstration of dedicated PC-based programs, the participants have a better understanding of the rational of various design criteria and procedures. Thus, they learn how to obtain a comprehensive and sound design, which meets the specified criteria and also the code of practice IEE Wiring Regulations. The main contents are Design Current and Design Procedure, Selection of Protective Device and Phase Conductor and lastly Design of a Benchmark Network.

Second day on 2nd December, Associate Prof. Teo Cheng Yu continue to teach another new topic in Planning & Operation of High Tension Distribution Network. This short course is introduce participants to the high tension (HT) distribution system, planning criteria and scheme of connection. Through lecture and the support of several dedicated PC-based integrated packages, the participants familiar with the criteria and procedure for the planning and operation of the distribution system. The main contents are Planning of HT Distribution System, Analysis of HT network and Protection Co-ordination.

On the last day which is 3rd December, Associate Prof. Teo Cheng Yu teach on Simulation Assessment of LV Electrical Installation. Every installation, either as a whole building or parts of it, shall comply with the safety regulations such as IEE Wiring Regulations. This short course introduce participants to the seven types of critical tests and three types of non-critical tests. Through computer simulation on normal loading, overloading, short circuit and earth fault conditions, each circuit in each DB is assessed accordingly. Design failure if any will be highlighted. These simulation tests provide a mean to assess whether the electrical installation meets the specified criteria and to ensure that safety requirements and IEE Wiring Regulations are met. The main contents are Normal &
Overloading Assessment, Short Circuit and Earth fault Assessment and Motor Starting and non-critical test.

Between the course, there is a good interaction between the speaker and participant in-terms of question and answer. Based on the feedback from the participant, found that they like the content/detailed explanation, speaker knowledge/experienced, informative course materials and lastly the simulation program. Around 108 participant attend this 3 days courses.

In conclusion, this course provides the characteristics, specifications, and industrial standards for circuit breakers, cabling, earthing and fuses. Utility supply systems, utility earthing systems and consumer earthing systems are introduced. Standard design procedures, the latest code of practice, IEE wiring regulations, over current and earth fault protection are illustrated through a series of comprehensive and interesting examples which are particularly useful for the practicing engineers and students. Applications of computer-aided design and simulation are also presented. As such, it brings new way of understanding electrical power in a different perspective.